For Arunachal Pradesh’s Adi Pasi Tribe, Reviving Millets Means Preserving Indigenous Identity and Protecting the Ecosystem

Photo by Vinicius S Domingues, CC BY 4.0 License.

In Adi Pasi Sibuk village in Upper Siang district, Arunachal Pradesh, 29-year-old Ani Dai carries seeds and tools to her family’s jhum field three kilometres from home, as she has done since childhood. She grows Mirung (finger millet) and Anyat (Job’s Tears). The Adi Pasi community has cultivated these millets for generations through rotational swidden agriculture, with a fallow cycle of up to twelve years that allows the land to regenerate. In the Adi Pasi community, men and women work side by side in the fields without a strict gendered division of labour. Ani describes the joy of moving collectively between fields, helping one another sow and harvest. Thirty kilometres away in Mariyang, 26-year-old Yangki Pertin grew up going to the fields after school to help her parents bring in the Anyat harvest each December. She recalls a time when Anyat was the family’s staple food and rice was reserved for guests. That has since reversed, with millets declining as rice cultivation and terrace farming spread across the region. An active effort to reverse this decline comes from 32-year-old Dimum Pertin, who runs Gepo Ali, a start-up promoting Anyat millet along with local farmers and women’s groups in Lower Dibang Valley. Motivated by her grandmother Mati Pertin’s desire to eat plain cooked Anyat, a staple from her childhood, Dimum began working with local farmers and women’s groups to revive the crop. Recognising that younger generations had little interest in traditional preparation, she began incorporating Anyat into processed foods such as cookies, crackers, and bread to reintroduce it in more familiar forms. In 2024, she launched a seed bank and a training collective where women learn to process Anyat into new products, preserving traditional agricultural knowledge by cooking millets for the modern palate. 

‘For Arunachal Pradesh’s Adi Pasi Tribe, Reviving Millets Means Preserving Indigenous Identity and Protecting the Ecosystem’ by Marina Dai for the Millet Revival Project (The Locavore)

It is curated as part of Woman Farmer Project’s Resource Library.

The Woman Farmer Project is a multimedia storytelling initiative led by The Locavore in partnership with the Doc Society Climate Story Kitchen.

For Arunachal Pradesh’s Adi Pasi Tribe, Reviving Millets Means Preserving Indigenous Identity and Protecting the Ecosystem

‘One Seed at a Time’ (2025) is a 16-minute Marathi-language documentary directed by Kavita Carneiro, and hosted by the People’s Archive of Rural India (PARI). It is produced by the Society for Promoting Participative Ecosystem Management (SOPPECOM) in association with the Mahila Kisan Adhikar Manch (MAKAAM). Photo courtesy of PARI.

Still taken from ‘One Seed at a Time,’ courtesy of PARI.

One Seed at a Time (2025) begins with Dwaraka Waghmare recalling how her family survived on low-quality grain collected as remuneration for the menial domestic labour they undertook in the homes of oppressor-caste Marathas. Her memory anchors the film’s exploration of the role  caste and gender play in shaping access to food, land, and dignity. Caste hierarchy prohibits land ownership for Dalit farmers: the land they are allowed to cultivate remains fraught with oppressor-caste claims over it (for cattle-grazing, for instance), and is often stony and fallow, furthering financial and nutritional insecurities.

A gradual change is nonetheless visible. The women featured in the documentary have begun sowing indigenous varieties of lentils, vegetables, and millets. They also use natural fertilisers and pesticides on small parcels of land that they have fought hard to secure. The lack of land ownership and decision-making power that defines the Dalit women farmers’ condition lies at the intersection of caste-based and gendered oppression, with the two compounding each other. The women’s resistance to this makes visible their localised agency. It also brings to the fore the structural conditions they are attempting to resist.

‘One Seed at a Time’ (2025) is a 16-minute Marathi-language documentary directed by Kavita Carneiro, and hosted by the People’s Archive of Rural India (PARI). It is produced by the Society for Promoting Participative Ecosystem Management (SOPPECOM) in association with the Mahila Kisan Adhikar Manch (MAKAAM). 

It is curated as part of Woman Farmer Project’s Resource Library.

The Woman Farmer Project is a multimedia storytelling initiative led by The Locavore in partnership with the Doc Society Climate Story Kitchen.

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